Mexican Art & Design

Visual arts in the United States

XVIII century
After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, marking the official beginning of American national identity, the new nation needed a history, and part of the story would be expressed visually. Most early American art (late 18th century to century 19) consists of history painting and portraits. Painters such as Gilbert Stuart made portraits of the newly elected government officials, while John Singleton Copley portraits emblematic of the merchant class increasingly prosperous, and painters as John Trumbull were making large battle scenes of the Revolutionary War.
Of the nineteenth century
Main article: Hudson River School, light (American style of art), and American Impressionism
James McNeill Whistler, according to Gray and Black: the artist's mother (1871), popularly known Whistler as Mother, Muse d'Orsay, Paris
America's first known school Schoolppeared painting Hudson River in 1820. As for music and literature, this development was delayed until artists perceived that the New World offered subjects unique to itself, this case the westward expansion of settlement brought the transcendent beauty of the landscape painters of the border for the attention '. "
The painters of the Hudson River directly and simplicity of vision influenced such as later artists as Winslow Homer (1836-1910), which represents rural Americahe sea, mountains and people who live near them. The middle class urban life found its painter Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), an uncompromising realist whose unwavering honesty inferior to those of the preference type of romantic sentimentality. Henry Ossawa Tanner who studied with Thomas Eakins was one of the first major African-American painters.
Paintings of the Great West, particularly the act of transmitting the large size of the territory and cultures of indigenous peoples who live there, were beginning to emerge as well. Broke artists like George Catlin with traditional styles to display the Earth, most often to show As a piece of property, to show the West and its people as honest as possible.
Many American painters who are considered spent some time in Europe and other European artists met in Paris and London, as Mary Cassatt and Whistler.
Twentieth Century
Main articles: American realism and American modernism
Mary Cassatt The Bath 1891-1892, Art Institute of Chicago, while painted in Europe, Cassatt is considered an American painter
Controversy soon became a way of life for American artists. In fact, much of American painting and sculpture since 1900 has been a series of revolts against tradition. "To hell with the artistic values," announced Robert Henri (1865-1929). He was the leader of what critics called the Ashcan school of painting, after the performances of the sordid aspects of the city. American Realism was the new direction of American visual artists at the turn of the century. In the photo Photo-Secession movement led by Alfred Steiglitz roads made for photography as a form emerging art. Soon the Ashcan School artists Europehe gave way to modern, from abstract Cubist and promoted by photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) in his 291 Gallery New York. John Marin, Marsden Hartley, Alfred Maurer, Henry, Arthur Dove, Henrietta Shore, Stuart Davis, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell, Patrick Henry Bruce, Gerald Murphy were some important early modernist American painters.
After the First World War, many American artists were also rejected by modern trends from the Armory Show and European influences, such as the School of Paris. Instead, he chose to adopt academic realism representation in American urban and rural scenes. Charles Sheeler and Charles Demuth Precisionists and is known as the Ashcan School artists or American realism, in particular, George Bellows, Everett Shinn, George Benjamin Luks, William Glackens and John Sloan and other images developed socially conscious of their works.
Southwestern United States
Georgia O'Keeffe, Ram Head White Hollyhock and small hills, 1935, the Brooklyn Museum
After the First World War, the end of the Santa Fe Railroad has allowed American settlers to travel throughout the west, the coast of California. New artists colonies began to grow around Santa Fe and Taos, the artists main issue is the birthplace and landscapes of the southwest. Images of the Southwest has become a popular form of advertising, which is used by the railway leading to Santa Fe to attract settlers to come west and enjoy the scenery nsullied. Walter Ufer, Bert Greer Phillips, E. Irving Couse, William Henry Jackson, and Georgia O'Keeffe are some of the most prolific artists of the southwest.
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was another important event in American art. In 1920, 30 years a new generation of educated men and politically astute African-Americans and women that emerged sponsored literary societies and art and industrial exhibitions combat racist stereotypes. The move shows the range of talent within the African-American. Although the movement included artists from across America, which focused Harlem, Harlem and the work of graphic designer and photographer Aaron Douglas James VanDerZee became emblematic of the movement. Some of the artists are Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Charles Alston, Augusta Savage, Archibald Motley, Lois Mailou Jones, Palmer Hayden, Sargent Johnson.
New Deal Art
Thomas Hart Benton, Chilmark people (Composition of figure), 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC.
When the Great Depression hit, the New Deal of President Roosevelt created several public art programs. The program's objective was to give work to artists and decorate public buildings, usually with a national issue. The first of these projects, Public Works Art Project (PWAP) was created after the success of lobbying for artists Artists Union unemployed. The pWAP lasted less than a year and produced nearly 15,000 works of art. E 'followed by the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (FAP / WPA) in 1935, which funded some of the best known American artists. Several separate movements and related services began and developed during the Great Depression and the American scene painting, the regionalism and social realism. Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, Grant Wood, Ben Shahn, Joseph Stella, Reginald Marsh, Isaac Soyer, Raphael Soyer and Jack Levine were among the best known artists.
Abstract expressionism
Top stories: expressionism abstract, action painting, color field, and the lyrical abstraction
Franz Kline, Painting Number 2, 1954, The Museum of Modern Art
In the years following World War II, a group of artists formed in New York the first American movement to exert greater influence in the world: abstract expressionism. This term was used in 1919 in Berlin was used again in 1946 by Robert Coates in The New York Times, and was carried by the two most important art critics of the time, Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg. Always has been criticized for being too big and paradoxical, however, the common definition involves the use of abstract art to express feelings, emotions, which is within the artist, and not what is outside.
The first generation of Abstract Expressionists is composed of artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Mark Rothko, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Ad Reinhardt, Hans Hofmann, James Brooks, Richard Pousette Dart, William Baziotes, Mark Tobey, Bradley Walker Tomlin, Theodoros Stamos, Jack Tworkov others. Despite the many artists under this label had very different styles, the contemporary critics found many points in common.
Many first-generation Abstract Expressionist works were influenced by both Cubist "(copies of critical art in black and white and the same works in Gallery 291, ol 'Armory Show), and the European Surrealists, most abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects, and Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Often, the abstract expressionists decided to try instinctive, intuitive arrangements, spontaneous space, line, shape and color. Expressionism Abstract is characterized by two main elements – the large size of the canvas used (partly inspired by the frescoes of Mexico and the work he has done for the WPA in late 1930), and the use of strong brush strokes and unusual and painting with a new understanding of the experimental process.
The focus and intensify the color and large open expanses surface were two of the principles applied to the movement called Color Field painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman are classified as such. Another move was called Action Painting, which is characterized by spontaneous reaction, powerful shots, dripped and splattered paint and strong physical movements used to the production of a painting. Jackson Pollock is an example of a painter in action: the creative process, incorporating thrown and dripped paint from a stick or paid directly from the jar, who revolutionized painting methods. Willem de Kooning, Pollock said the famous phrase about the "broken the ice for the rest of us." Ironically Pollock large field of repetitive Linear is also characteristic of color field painting too, and art critic Michael Fried said in his essay for the catalog of three U.S. painters Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Frank Stella at the Fogg Art Museum in 1965. Despite disagreements among critics of art, abstract expressionism mark a turning point in art history American: the years 1940 and 1950 saw a shift of international attention Europe-Paris-art, art in New York American.
color field painting continued as a movement: the artists in 1950, as Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, and in 1960, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland and Helen Frankenthaler, has tried to make paintings that would have eliminated the unnecessary rhetoric, with large areas of flat color.
After Abstract Expressionism
During the 1950s abstract painting movement in America became as neo-dada, post-painterly abstraction, Op Art, hard edge painting, Minimal art, canvas painting, opera, and the continuation of 'abstract expressionism. In reply to tendency to abstract images emerged through various new movements like Pop Art, the Bay Area Figurative Movement and later in 1970, neo-expressionism.
Lyrical abstraction with the Fluxus movement and postminimalism (a term coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) was to extend the boundaries of abstract painting and minimalist with particular attention to the process, new materials and new forms of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, manufactured goods, found objects, installation, serial repetition, often with references to Dada and Surrealism is the best example in the sculptures of Eva Hesse. Opera, Conceptual Art, postminimalism, Earth art, video, performance, installations, together with the continuation of Fluxus, abstract, color field painting, hard edge painting, Minimal Art, Op Art, Pop Art, Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of contemporary art in the mid-1960 to 1970.
Lyrical abstraction shares similarities with Color Field painting and abstract expressionism in particular irresponsible use of paint – texture and surface. direct drawing, calligraphic use of line, the effects of brushing, dotted, spotted, spatula, pour, and splashed paint superficially similar to those observed in Abstract Expressionism and Color Field painting. However, the styles are very different.
During the years 1960 and 1970, as powerful and influential painters such as Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Lee Krasner, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Richard Diebenkorn, Josef Albers, Elmer Bischoff, Agnes Martin, Francisco See: Sam Al, Ellsworth Kelly, Morris Louis, Gene Davis, Frank Stella, Joan Mitchell, Friedel Dzuba, and younger artists like Brice Marden, Robert Mangold, Sam Gilliam, Sean Scully, Elizabeth Murray, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Susan Rothenberg, Ross Bleckner, Richard Tuttle, Julian Schnabel, and dozens of other vital and influential paintings.
Other changes in modern American
Main articles: Pop Art, the hard-edge painting, happenings, Fluxus, Chicago Imagist, postminimalist, neo-expressionism and conceptual art
Nighthawks (1942) Edward Hopper is one of his best known works, the Art Institute of Chicago
The members of the generation of artists together for a different form of abstraction: mixed media works. Among them were Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) and Jasper Johns (1930 -), who used photos, newsprint, and stones in their compositions. Pop artists like Andy Warhol (1930-1987), Larry Rivers (1923-2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997), carefully reproduced satirical images of everyday objects and American folk cultureoca Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips. The realism was popular in the U.S., despite the modern trend, as the city scenes of Edward Hopper and Norman Rockwell illustrations. In some places, including Chicago, Abstract Expressionism never caught on in Chicago predominant artistic style was grotesque, symbolic realism, as evidenced by the Chicago Imagist Cosmo Campoli (1923-1997), Jim Nutt (1938 -), Ed Paschke (1939-2004) and Nancy Hope (1926 -).
Among the figures
A couple of important American artists are: Ansel Adams, John James Audubon, Thomas Hart Benton, Albert Bierstadt, Alexander Calder, Mary Cassatt, Frederic Edwin Church, Thomas Cole, Edward S. Curtis, Richard Diebenkorn, Thomas Eakins, Jules Feiffer, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Marsden Hartley, Al Hirschfeld, Hans Hofmann, Winslow Homer, Georgia O'Keeffe, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Dorothea Lange, Roy Lichtenstein, Morris Louis, John Marin, Agnes Martin, Jackson Pollock, Man Ray, Robert Rauschenberg, Frederic Remington, Norman Rockwell, Mark Rothko, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Cindy Sherman, David Smith, Frank Stella, Gilbert Stuart, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Andy Warhol, Frank Lloyd Wright, Andrew Wyeth, NC Wyeth
See also
Abstract expressionism
Aesthetics
American Impressionism
American modernism
American Realism
American scene painting
Arts education in the United States
Colorfield painting
History of painting
late modernity
List of American artists
Lyric
Modernism
Native American Art
Regionalism
Sculpture of the United States
Social Realism
Synchromism
Visual Arts in Chicago
Western painting
References
AB ^ Movers and Shakers, New York, "Leaving C & M" Sarah Douglas, Art + Auction, March 2007, V.XXXNo7.
^ Martin, Ann Ray, and Howard Junker. The new article: E 'Way, Way Out, Newsweek 29 July 1968: pp.3 0.55 to 63.
Sources
Pohl, Frances K. American structure. A social history of American art. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002 (pages 7484, 118-122, 366-365, 385, 343-344, 350-351)
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Categories: American art | Art by nationality About the Author

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